5.5 - Beer Production

- Starch to Amylase :germination of seed (malting) produces maltose, into maltase into Glucose

Starch comes from:
- Barley Seeds
- Wheat Seeds
- Rice
(Glucose from Starch)

EQUATION: Glucose --anaerobic respiration (yeast supplies enzymes for conversion) ----> ethanol + CO2 + Hops

HOPS FLAVOURS PRODUCT (from plant)

5.4 understand the reasons for pest control and the advantages and disadvantages of using pesticides and biological control with crop plants

- Pesticides
Advantages: Very effective, easy to apply, easy to obtain

Disadvantages: Toxic (kill other plants and can harm humans), Bio accumulation, Resistance (Mutation in the pests - leads to resistance)

- Biological Control
Advantages: No toxic chemicals, Less impact on wildlife

Disadvantages: Not 100% effective, Difficult to control, difficult to match a predator to prey, it can take a long time

5.3 understand the use of fertiliser to increase crop yield

- Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants
- Are nitrate and phosphate
- Divided into two groups: organic and artificial
- Organic: animal waste, cow facades, decomposition.
- Artificial: chemical

5.2 Understand the effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide and increased temperature in glasshouses

- Rate of photosynthesis =CO2 + H2O----> glucose + oxygen
- Increased concentration of CO2 is substrate
- Higher increase of temperature leading to increase of the rate of reactions
- OPTIMUM: Peak of which something works at its very best

5.1 Describe how glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to increase the yield of certain crops

- Light penetrates through the glass into the internal surfaces
- Light is absorbed by surfaces inside the glasshouse (eg. Plants, Wood and soil)
- The surfaces would re emitted as heat, heats warm the air
- The heat warms the air, raising its average kinetic energy causing the temperature to increase
- Warm air becomes trapped inside the glasshouse

2.89 understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: ADH, adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen

ADH:
- Source: Hypothalamus.
-Promotes water conservation the kidneys.

Insulin:
- Source: Made by cells in the pancreas.
- Lowers blood glucose levels

Adrenaline:
- Source: Adrenal gland.
- Readys body for physical fight or flight response
- Increases heart rate

Testosterone:
- Source: Testes gland.
- Controls development of male (Puberty)

Oestrogen:
- Source: Ovary gland.
- Controls development of female (Puberty)

Progesterone:
- Source: Ovary gland.
- Regulates menstrual cycle (women)

2.88 describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating vasoconstriction and vasodilation

- Core temperature is controlled by Hypothalamus.
- The skin regulates body temperature to protect against hyperthermia and hypothermia.
- Skin is responsible for temperature regulation within our body. The core temperature of our body is 37 C.
Vasoconstriction
- capillaries narrows, so they carry less blood. This keeps heat inside the body, reduces sweating.
- Hair erection.
- Shivering.
- Insulation (from a layer of fat under the skin).

Vasodilation
- Capillaries widened so more blood can be carried to the surface. heat transferred out of the body through conduction and radiation.
- Sweating
- Hairs lay flat